Fig. 3

Projection of all particle trajectories onto the north–south cross section, including center vent position. The simulation with our 3D multiparticle numerical model used the digital elevation model (DEM). The ejection speed of the particles was 150 m/s, and the rotation and direction angles were both 20°. A drag coefficient of C _D = 0.8 was used to simulate the trajectories. The trajectories are shown in different colors simply to allow the visualization of different particles; that is, the colors do not correspond to any specific value