Salt shell fallout during the ash eruption at the Nakadake crater, Aso volcano, Japan: evidence of an underground hydrothermal system surrounding the erupting vent

Shinohara, Hiroshi; Geshi, Nobuo; Yokoo, Akihiko; Ohkura, Takahiro; Terada, Akihiko

doi:10.1186/s40623-018-0798-4

Earth, Planets and Space

Table 1 Composition of ash leachate, salt materials, crater lake water, and dried crater lake water

From: Salt shell fallout during the ash eruption at the Nakadake crater, Aso volcano, Japan: evidence of an underground hydrothermal system surrounding the erupting vent

Sample type	Sample no.	Sampling date (yyyy/mm/dd)	Temp^# (°C)	Method	F (mg/kg)	Cl (mg/kg)	SO₄ (mg/kg)	Na (mg/kg)	K (mg/kg)	Mg (mg/kg)	Ca (mg/kg)	SiO₂ (mg/kg)	T-Fe^$ (mg/kg)	Al (mg/kg)
Salt flake^a	S110518-0	2011-5-18		IC	36,794	25,631	317,641	17,380	2891	18,865	24,779
Salt flake^a	S150518-1	2011-5-18		IC	47,451	12,327	353,902	19,231	1700	23,934	11,192
Salt flake^a	S110518-2	2011-5-18		IC	41,905	17,146	358,306	18,966	1807	24,249	12,753
Salt flake^a	S110519	2011-5-19		IC	46,032	16,541	391,964	20,195	3173	27,072	6898
White salt^a	S141227	2014-12-27		IC	4186	527,412	13,325	327,602	4288	311	1718
Salt shell^a	S150113	2015-1-13		IC	36,125	46,002	255,798	21,356	3765	19,072	1707
Salt shell^a	S150317	2015-3-17		IC	26,174	75,124	163,225	22,620	3270	23,130	4988
Salt shell^a	S150320	2015-3-20		IC	25,089	83,026	191,171	19,636	2563	26,858	881
Salt lump^a	S150327	2015-3-27		IC	34,630	106,140	311,211	25,457	4260	42,280	751
Salt flake^a	S110518-0	2011-5-18		EDS	46,300	35,200	635,577*	21,700	15,400	24,700	12,900	34,435	87,700	71,100
Salt shell^a	S150113	2015-1-13		EDS	19,500	32,000	298,479*	12,000	44,300	14,700	18,400	98,384	282,700	47,700
Salt shell^a	S150113	2015-1-13		EDS	13,900	39,900	381,107*	10,300	50,800	15,800	7000	23,741	281,100	40,000
Salt shell^a	S150113	2015-1-13		EDS	20,800	42,000	381,406*	11,100	48,400	19,500	4600	16,469	213,300	42,600
Salt shell^a	S150113	2015-1-13		EDS	15,500	72,200	391,585*	37,100	28,800	54,900	5000	24,596	149,700	27,900
Salt shell^a	S150113	2015-1-13		EDS	13,000	39,700	351,768*	10,400	50,000	16,000	12,500	34,435	274,100	40,500
Salt shell^a	S150113	2015-1-13		EDS	12,500	133,300	322,728*	74,800	34,200	18,300	0	7914	209,600	34,700
Salt shell^a	S150113	2015-1-13		EDS	29,000	34,200	362,246*	9400	38,700	16,100	0	18,607	204,400	46,200
Salt shell^a	S150113	2015-1-13		EDS	0	43,500	386,196*	10,100	49,100	19,900	0	9197	218,700	41,400
Salt shell^a	S150317	2015-3-17		EDS	143,800	13,000	380,807*	10,300	500	3,800	1400	10,694	11,800	102,700
Salt shell^a	S150317	2015-3-17		EDS	64,500	91,300	272,433*	30,700	5900	52,200	3400	27,163	116,500	34,800
Salt shell^a	S150317	2015-3-17		EDS	46,900	73,600	237,705*	24,900	8100	39,300	7600	75,072	119,500	36,300
Salt shell^a	S150317	2015-3-17		EDS	55,700	106,200	312,250*	30,400	6600	55,000	5900	42,990	159,300	39,500
Lake water^b	LW080704⁺	2008-7-4	71.6	IAM	5790	38,000	59,700	2410	903	3010	1810	363	4920	6880
Lake water^b	LW090212	2009-2-12	56.4	IAM	6550	44,300	66,700	2740	1060	3540	1970	344	5860	8430
Lake water^b	LW090324	2009-3-24	60.0	IAM	6928	46,944	74,408	2920	1128	3592	3208	348	6464	8640
Lake water^b	LW100825	2010-8-25	79.1	IAM	13,700	60,600	131,000	5520	2650	7120	300	435	10,600	17,400
Lake water^b	LW111206	2011-12-6	61.8	IAM	5180	22,499	40,600	1982	732	2849	1184	530	3460	4640
Lake water^b	LW120329	2012-3-29	71.7	IAM	7670	36,000	62,400	2720	1120	3690	1130	580	5020	7690
Lake water^c	LW100825A	2010-8-25		IC	15,722	76,632	160,077	7707	5945	9393	2465
Lake water^c	LW111206A	2011-12-6		IC	5500	24,249	45,970	2204	1272	2934	1662
Lake water^c	LW120329A	2012-3-29		IC	8702	41,721	74,972	3323	2256	4194	1957
Dried LW^d	LW100825B	2010-8-25		IC	16,162	18,778	166,096	8029	5599	9637	2420
Dried LW^d	LW111206B	2011-12-6		IC	5411	3691	46,466	2365	1400	2951	1790
Dried LW^d	LW120329B	2012-3-29		IC	8689	3944	75,141	3413	2234	4210	1999
Ash leachate^e	Ash141127	2014-11-27		IC	375	175	1481	257	32	43	798
Ash leachate^e	Ash141210	2014-12-10		IC	63	95	924	131	5	32	381
Ash leachate^e	Ash151112	2015-1-12		IC	155	452	1367	273	39	83	525
Ash leachate^e	Ash150113	2015-1-13		IC	144	334	3649	417	59	183	992
Ash leachate^e	Ash150223	2015-2-23		IC	600	445	3008	588	49	199	1069
Ash leachate^e	Ash150224	2015-2-24		IC	776	279	4212	472	86	264	1325
Ash leachate^e	Ash150225a	2015-2-25		IC	224	207	5242	336	56	320	1322
Ash leachate^e	Ash150225b	2015-2-25		IC	285	387	6164	487	115	307	1473
Ash leachate^e	Ash150317	2015-3-17		IC	305	210	1176	221	24	60	615
Ash leachate^e	Ash150320a	2015-3-20		IC	204	84	376	174	17	42	177
Ash leachate^e	Ash150320b	2015-3-20		IC	152	383	2234	314	47	126	714
Ash leachate^e	Ash150320c	2015-3-20		IC	437	923	5960	504	123	263	2044
Ash leachate^e	Ash150221	2015-3-21		IC	3419	5335	69,354	2402	269	1865	18,605
Ash leachate^e	Ash150429	2015-4-29		IC	188	241	982	200	18	83	408

IC ion chromatography, IAM ion chromatography + atomic absorption spectroscopy + molecular absorption spectroscopy, EDS energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Multiple spots of the same sample were analyzed by EDS, and the data of each spot are listed
Blank cell: no data, 0: not detected, #: temperature of the lake, $: total Fe. *: S wt.% obtained by the EDS analyses are recalculated as the weight % of SO₄, +: data cited from Miyabuchi and Terada (2009)
^aConcentrations are calculated relative to the whole sale materials including insoluble components
^bConcentration in water sample
^cRe-analyses of the stored sample. Concentration in water sample
^dDried lake water samples are dissolved in pure water of the original volume
^eConcentrations are calculated relative to the ash weight

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