Fig. 7
From: 3D tomography of midlatitude sporadic-E in Japan from GNSS-TEC data
Results of 3D tomography (average of 3:51, 3:53, 3:55 UT) of Case 4 Es patch on May 22, 2010, above the Kyushu District (Maeda and Heki 2015). Black curves in a describe the tracks (moving southward) of the intersection of LoS with a thin layer at 100-km altitude (black dots show the positions at 3:51 UT) for the station–satellite pairs shown in e. We show the map views of the results at altitudes 90–120 km (a) and 180–210 km (b), and latitude–height profiles at 31.8° N (c) and 32.0° N (d). Time series (red curves) showing vertical TEC changes 2.5–4.5 UT as residuals from reference curves, observed at ten stations (black rectangles in a), using GPS satellite 24 (e). Clear Es signatures are seen 3.50–3.75 UT as positive pulses