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Table 1 CIY4 parameterization

From: A comprehensive model of Earth’s magnetic field determined from 4 years of Swarm satellite observations

Field source/effect

# Parms

Description

Core/lithosphere

13,368

Spatial: geographic spherical harmonic (SH) \(N_{\max }=100\)

Temporal: order 4 B-splines SV, 6 month knot spacing from 2013.9 to 2018.0, epoch 2015.0, up to \(N_{\max }=16\)

\(M_2\) tidal

2736

Spatial: geographic SH \(N_{\max }=36\)

Temporal: period of 12.42060122 hours, Greenwich fixed phase

Ionosphere/induced

5520

Spatial: quasi-dipole (QD) frame, underlying dipole SH \(N_{\max }=60\), \(M_{\max }=12\)

Temporal: annual, semiannual, 24, 12, 8, and 6 h periodicities with \(F_{10.7}\) scaling plus induction via a priori 3D conductivity model (“1D + oceans”) and infinite conductor at depth

Magnetosphere/induced

165,252

Magnetosphere

 Spatial: dipole SH \(N_{\max }=1\)

 Temporal: discretized in 1 h bins

Induced

 Spatial: dipole SH \(N_{\max }=1\)

 Temporal: discretized in 1 h bins

OHM biases

465

One vector bias for each station in local spherical system

VFM-CRF alignment

1350

Three XYZ-type Euler angles every 10 days for each satellite

Total

188,691