Fig. 1

Distribution of broadband stations used in the Kilauea area. The volcanoes, used seismic stations, and earthquakes with M\(\ge 3.5\) (from United States Geological Survey earthquake catalog) are shown by the red triangles, black inverted triangles, and circles color-coded with focal depth. Red dash line marks the fissures opened during the 2018 eruption. The blue diamond marks the location of the most active fissure vent 8. Two shaded pink zones indicate the East and Southwest Rift zones (referred to Poland et al. 2014). The inset map shows Hawaiian Island chain and the location of our study area (red box)