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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 3 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 3

From: Propagation characteristics of sporadic E and medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs): statistics using HF Doppler and GPS-TEC data in Japan

Fig. 3

Cross-correlation analysis (i.e., time lag analysis) of the HFD and GPS-TEC data. a The amplitude of reflected radio waves obtained from the three HFD receivers (Sugito, Fujisawa, and Sugadaira) on August 22, 2014, 00:00–02:00 JST. b Vertical GPS-TEC data above the HFD sensing area (i.e., mid-points between Tx and Rx stations at Sugito, Fujisawa, and Sugadaira) during the same interval. The black dots are the original data and the red dots are the time-shifted data with the highest correlation coefficient relative to the data at the mid-point of Sugito

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