Fig. 7
From: Effect of projectile shape and interior structure on crater size in strength regime
Results of the numerical simulations corresponding the experiments of a a closed copper tube impacting at the closed side (1031-2), b a closed copper tube impacting at the open side (1031-3), c an open copper tube (0925-1), and d a solid aluminum sphere (1031-5). The right half shows the contour of the maximum (peak) pressures experienced. The left half shows the contour of the upward particle velocity; the blue, purple, orange, and red lines indicate 3, 10, 30, and 100 m/s, respectively. The crater profile in the experiment with the corresponding impact condition is shown for comparison (green curve)