Fig. 12From: Ionospheric electron density modelling using B-splines and constraint optimizationComparison of estimated key parameters \({\widehat{N}}_m^{F_2}\) (top left panel) and \({\widehat{h}}_m^{F_2}\) (top right panel) with the ionosonde data for the station EB040 at March 14, 2015. The lower panels show the corresponding deviations \(\Delta {N}_m^{F_2}\) (left) and \(\Delta {h}_m^{F_2}\) (right)Back to article page