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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 1 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 1

From: Severe L-band scintillation over low-to-mid latitudes caused by an extreme equatorial plasma bubble: joint observations from ground-based monitors and GOLD

Fig. 1

S4 indices for all the 1.2 GHz GNSS signals measured by the three ScintPi 3.0 receivers deployed over Puerto Rico. Each panel exhibits an 1-h frame during which observations were made. The time interval is indicated in the left-bottom corner of each panel. The green X markers indicate the location of the monitors. The solid magenta lines show dip latitudes (°), and the dashed black lines indicate the corresponding equatorial apex heights (in km). The S4 values are represented by colors according to the colormap on the right and by the size of the dots. Only data from satellites with elevation angles greater than 30° were used

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