Fig. 1
From: Simulation of horizontal sporadic E layer movement driven by atmospheric tides
Temporal variations in a, d Mg\(^+\) ion density; b, e zonal winds (eastward positive); and c, f meridional winds (southward positive). The upper three plots are those at Tokyo, Japan (35.7\(^\circ\)N and 139.4\(^\circ\)E) on June 3, 2015 (a–c). The lower three plots are those at Arecibo (18.3\(^\circ\)N and 66.8\(^\circ\)W) on October 20, 1998 (d–f). The contours in Fig. 1a and d show the geomagnetic zonal wind velocity. Thick contours represent 0 m/s, and dashed and solid contours represent geomagnetic westward and eastward winds with 20 m/s intervals, respectively. The magenta crosses in subplots a and d indicate the altitudes and local times at which horizontal Es movements were investigated in this study