Table 1 Requirements for the PIECE system
From: A plasma irradiation system optimized for space weathering of solar system bodies
Item | Value | Comment |
|---|---|---|
Particle species | Electron, H, O, He, C ions | The main components of the planetary magnetospheric plasmas, atmospheres, and solar wind. Include some molecular ions recently discovered around Jupiter’s icy moons (e.g., H2+, O2+) as well as the typical atomic ions (e.g., H+, O+, C+) |
Particle energy | Any energy in a range of 1–30 keV | A population comprising the planetary magnetospheric plasma, escaping planetary atmospheric particles, and solar wind |
Fluence | \(> 10^{18} \,{\text{particles}}\,\,{\text{cm}}^{ - 2}\) | Greater than the typical value of e.g., ~ 102 years on Europa in earlier studies |
Irradiation time | \(> 10^{2} - 10^{5} \,\sec\) | Exclusive use, non-public facility |
Sample temperature | 80–300 K | From the typical surface temperature of Jupiter’s icy moons (80–100 K) to the room temperature |
Sample material | Salts (e.g., MgSO4, NaCl), silicate minerals, etc., in powder, H2O ice | The model material for the icy moon surface (Carlson et al. 2009), Mercury, Moon, asteroids, and other bodies (Nittler et al. 2011; Zhu et al. 2019; Nakauchi et al. 2021) |
Sample mounting | Sample surface to be horizontal at the beamline | Avoid collapse of the powder sample |