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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 2 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 2

From: Giant ionospheric density hole near the 2022 Hunga-Tonga volcanic eruption: multi-point satellite observations

Fig. 2

Evolution of the ionospheric hole by simultaneous measurements of the TEC map and F7/C2 IVM ion density during the Tonga volcanic eruption (04–11 UT). a–d, h–j) Satellite trajectory and (e–g, k–n) measurements of plasma density from F7/C2E2, C2E3, C2E5, ICON, and Swarm-Charlie are indicated by green/blue/black/purple/black horizontal lines, respectively. The curved dashed lines represent the ground (black), E-region (blue), and F-region (green) sunset terminator location, respectively, and grey area corresponds to the night side. The gray line and black numbers indicate the magnetic field line and magnetic latitude values, respectively. The star mark on the TEC map represents the location of the Tonga volcanic eruption. The color circles in satellite trajectory and plasma density indicate the location of minimum plasma density near the longitude of Tonga (180° ~ 190°E)

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