Fig. 6From: Performance of the double-thin-shell approach for studying nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances using two dense GNSS observation networks in Japana–f Same as Fig. 2c–h but with different spatiotemporal resolution: \({0.1}^{\circ }\) and \({0.3}^{\circ }\) in longitude and latitude for E and F regions, and 1 min in time. The area in subplots (c) and (f) marked by the red dashed line boxes represents the region with the densest distribution of IPPs over Japan. g–h Increased unsolvability resulting from the improved temporal resolution (1 min) when compared to the case at the resolution of \({0.1}^{\circ }\) (E) and \({0.3}^{\circ }\) (F) in longitude and latitude and 2 min in timeBack to article page