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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 7 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 7

From: Performance of the double-thin-shell approach for studying nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances using two dense GNSS observation networks in Japan

Fig. 7

2-D maps of input (a, b) and output (c–f) disturbances at E- and F-shell heights with resolution of \({0.1}^{\circ }\) (E) and \({0.3}^{\circ }\) (F) in longitude and latitude and 1 min in time, by using GPS and multi-GNSS signal rays from GEONET (G) and SoftBank (S) at 09:00 UT, on July 3 (DOY 184), 2022. Distribution of residuals in the corresponding cases (g, h). IE/IF represents the ratio of the maximum input amplitude in the E region to that in the F region. \(\sigma\) is the standard deviation of the residuals

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