Fig. 3From: Simulation study of atmosphere–ionosphere variations driven by the eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai on 15 January 2022Vertical wind perturbation obtained by the NHM simulation. a 4:20 UT, b 4:25 UT, c 4:45 UT, and d 5:15 UT. The horizontal axis is the distance from HTHH, and the vertical axis is the altitude. Red color indicates upward, and blue color indicates downwardBack to article page