Fig. 1From: Impedance of electric field sensors in magnetized plasmas: particle-in-cell simulationsEquivalent front-end circuit for electric field measurement system. \(V_{\text{a}}\) is the voltage induced by the applied electric field, \(Z_{\text{a}}\) the sensor impedance, and \(Z_{\text{I}}\) the input impedance at the base of the sensorBack to article page