Table 1 Locations and transport properties of the core samples used for the laboratory experiments

316-C0004D-10H-1, 114 to 116 cm

Mudstone

81.99

0.51

-

1.80 × 10⁻¹⁶ × (10⁻⁶ Pe)^−1.58

-

-

Cylinder

316-C0004D-19R-1, 75 to 77 cm

Fault breccia

226.26

1.59

2.66

1.24 × 10⁻¹⁷ × (10⁻⁶ Pe)^−1.25

0.452 × exp(−3.30 × 10⁻⁹ Pe)

k = 497.51 × Φ^57.4

Cylinder

316-C0004D-28R-2, 33 to 38 cm

Mudstone

271.27

1.97

2.71

8.40 × 10⁻¹⁸ − 3.89 × 10⁻²⁵ Pe

0.454 to 0.00956 × log(Pe)

-

Cuboid

316-C0004D-39R-1, 71 to 73 cm

Mudstone

319.72

2.40

2.62

5.81 × 10⁻¹⁷ × (10⁻⁶ Pe)^−1.26

0.312 × exp(−1.64 × 10⁻⁹ Pe)

k = 43,340 × Φ^42.7

Cylinder

316-C0004D-54R-3, 68 to 70 cm

Mudstone

390.00

3.06

2.62

7.22 × 10⁻¹⁶ × (10⁻⁶ Pe)^−1.56

0.334 × exp(−1.59 × 10⁻⁹ Pe)

k = 1.38 × 10¹³ × Φ^60.9

Cylinder

316-C0007C-7X-5, 77 to 79 cm

Mudstone

67.09

0.55

-

9.17 × 10⁻¹⁷ × (10⁻⁶ Pe)^−1.19

-

-

Cylinder

316-C0007D-18R-3, 80 to 83 cm

Mudstone

335.64

2.97

2.70

4.13 × 10⁻¹⁷ × exp(−0.290 × 10⁻⁶ Pe)

0.483 to 0.0158 × log(Pe)

k = 9.9 × 10¹³ × Φ^85.4

Cuboid

316-C0007D-20R-2, 85 to 87 cm

Mudstone

353.28

3.14

2.60

9.87 × 10⁻¹⁷ × (10⁻⁶ Pe)^−1.36

-

-

Cuboid

316-C0007D-23R-1, 80 to 84 cm

Mudstone

380.32

3.40

2.70

4.87 × 10⁻¹⁷ × (10⁻⁶ Pe)^−1.15

0.397 to 0.00799 × log(Pe)

-

Cuboid

316-C0007D-25R-3, 110 to 112 cm

Mudstone

402.48

3.62

2.63

3.76 × 10⁻¹⁷ × (10⁻⁶ Pe)^−1.16

0.393 to 0.00897 × log(Pe)

k = 2.6 × 10³⁸ × Φ¹¹⁷

Cuboid

316-C0007D-28R-2, 111 to 114 cm

Mudstone

429.54

3.88

2.68

3.10 × 10⁻¹⁷ × (10⁻⁶ Pe)^−1.17

0.493 to 0.00950 × log(Pe)

-

Cuboid