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Earth, Planets and Space
Figure 1 | Earth, Planets and Space

Figure 1

From: Lidar returns from the upper atmosphere of Kamchatka for 2008 to 2014 observations

Figure 1

Critical frequency of the ionospheric F2 layer and lidar signal. (a) Critical frequency of the ionospheric F2 layer (foF2) and (b) lidar signal S = N − Nf summed for altitudes of 200 to 300 km, where N is the total number of detected impulses and Nf is the noise level. The middle curve shows the average signal, and the upper and lower curves illustrate the total standard deviations.

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