Figure 1

Time series recording the Halloween storm of 29 October - 31 October 2003, each with 1-s resolution.(a) Measured Kakioka geomagnetic variation relative to a quiet baseline, measured north \({B_{x}^{m}}\) (blue) and measured east \({B_{y}^{m}}\) (green); (b) east Kakioka geoelectric field variation, measured \({E_{y}^{m}}\) (black) and estimated G E _y (purple); (c) residual difference d _y ; (d) the parts of estimated G E _y corresponding to induction in the top layer of the lithospheric model (red) and the lower half-space (gray); (e) north Kakioka geoelectric field variation, measured \({E_{x}^{m}}\) (black) and estimated G E _x (purple); (f) residual difference d _x ; and (g) the parts of estimated G E _x corresponding to induction in the top layer of the lithospheric model (red) and the lower half-space (gray).