Figure 1

The variation rates of a, e, and i as a function of e for i=0.01 and ω=π/2 in the disk with H(a)/a=0.1, α=1.5, and β=0.25. Analytic formulae for low e (gray dotted curves), given by Equations (11) to (13), and ones for high e (gray dashed curves), given by Equations (14) to (16), are in good agreement with the results of orbital integration (open circles) for low e or high e, respectively. The combined formulae (solid curves), given by Equations (30) to (38), are valid for the whole region.