Fig. 5
January mean normalized refractive indexes \( {\mathrm{a}}^2{\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{m}}^2 \) (shading) and specific EP-fluxes in m3/s2 (arrows) produced by stationary planetary wave modes with zonal wavenumbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 (panels from the top to the bottom, respectively) for the easterly QBO phase without OGW effects a. Also, \( {\mathrm{a}}^2{\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{m}}^2 \) and vector EP-flux differences due to involving OGW effects in the easterly QBO phase b and due to change in QBO phase from easterly to westerly without OGW c. Solid contours correspond to zero \( {\mathrm{a}}^2{\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{m}}^2 \)