Table 1 Model 2 (noisy data). Inversion results of various noise levels. The true model parameters are z = 12 m, L = 35 m, Y = 100 m, A = 12,000 kg/m ², and θ= 120 °

Noise level (%)

Inverse parameters

z (m)

L (m)

Y (m)

A (kg/m ²)

θ (degrees)