Fig. 3

Event location in the magnetosheath. Spatial coordinates of 101 magnetosheath crossing events of Venus Express in 2006–2008 are represented in the coordinate system spanning the Venus-to-Sun direction on the x-axis (in the Venus-Solar-Orbital system) and the vertical distance from the x-axis assuming the axi-symmetry of the magnetosheath shape around the x-axis. The bow shock position is determined by Eq. 5 up to −1.5 R _v . The bow shock location (with an abbreviation BS) is presented by the black solid line up to −1.5 R _v and is further extended up to −4 R _v and illustrated by dash line, and the magnetic pile up boundary is illustrated with an abbreviation MPB