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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 2 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 2

From: Mass eruption rates in pulsating eruptions estimated from video analysis of the gas thrust-buoyancy transition—a case study of the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland

Fig. 2

Observation on Eyjafjallajökull ash pulses, 8–10 May 2010: a Histogram of pulsation intervals recorded: t pulse denotes the interval between two subsequent pulses. The values observed ranged between 0.8 and 23.4 s. b Histogram showing the pulse diameters of 502 pulses measured at the vent. Two types of ash pulses can be discriminated by d: “strong” pulses (type 1) and “weaker” pulses (type 2). c Initial pulse velocities v 0 of 502 pulses measured at vent exit. The average velocity recorded was 65 m/s. d Vertical velocities of 16 pulses. Many velocity curves show a clear change (marked by a “kink”) when the pulse front left the momentum-driven stage and entered the level of transition. This is in agreement to the findings of earlier studies on ash pulses (see, e.g., Patrick et al. (2007), Marchetti et al. (2009)). The velocity changes are observed when the pulse fronts reached heights of approximately 60 to 105 m above the vent (zone highlighted in red)

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