Fig. 2

Vertical deformation and route profiles. a Vertical deformation (mm) for each survey period, as detected by precise leveling of the Yashikino route (black circles) and the Kiso-Onsen route (white circles), from April 2006 to October 2014. Deformation was calculated using benchmarks BM34 (for data between April 2006 and April 2007) and BM25 (for all other data periods) as references (See Fig. 1 for locations of BM34 and BM25). Each division of the vertical scale represents 5 mm of deformation. Error bars denote the accumulated closing errors from the reference point. b Route profiles using precise leveling surveys. Relative elevations (m) of the benchmarks are with reference to benchmark BM34