Fig. 1

Macroseismic effects of large Nepalese earthquakes. Green and red, solid and dashed lines are VII and VIII isoseists of the 1934 and 1833 AD events, respectively (Sapkota, 2011). Dark blue dashed line delineates reported strong effects of the great 1505 event; largest blue diamonds and arrow reflect the areas of devastation (Jackson, 2002). Dark blue triangle represents coeval debris flows in Pokhara basin (Fort, 1987). Light blue star and rectangle are, respectively, the epicenter and the main segment ruptured during the April 25, 2015, event. Red squares are paleoseismological trenches and morphotectonic sites with dated ruptures (see text for references). Open arrows reflect shortening rates across the Himalayan range (Ader et al., 2012). White limit is the 3500-m elevation contour