Fig. 7

Waveform comparison by forward modeling for two near-fault stations. (top) Comparison of observed velocity waveforms (black traces) and synthetic velocity waveforms (red traces). Velocity waveforms were bandpass-filtered from 0.05 to 0.5 Hz. Waveform amplitudes were normalized by the maximum observed amplitude. Maximum observed amplitude of each component is shown above each trace in centimeters per second. (bottom) Comparison of observed displacement waveforms (black traces) and synthetic displacement waveforms (red traces). EW east–west, NS north–south, UD up–down