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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 1 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 1

From: Localized field-aligned currents and 4-min TEC and ground magnetic oscillations during the 2015 eruption of Chile’s Calbuco volcano

Fig. 1

SW-B orbit and schematic diagram of the model we suppose. Red upward and downward triangle, black filled circle and small blue filled circles in the left panel show the Calbuco volcano and its geomagnetic conjugate point located at (18.10°N; 75.41°W), Huancayo Geomagnetic Observatory and GPS stations, respectively. Green line in the left panel shows SW-B orbit traced from the satellite altitude to the E-layer altitude (110 km) along the geomagnetic field. SW-B passed about 255 km west of the volcano in the southern hemisphere and about 122 km west of its conjugate point in the northern hemisphere. The illustration on the right side shows our working hypothesis. That is, SW-B is supposed to observe the effect of the small-scale FACs having the atmospheric origin through the E-layer dynamo as the small-amplitude magnetic fluctuations

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