Fig. 3From: Localized field-aligned currents and 4-min TEC and ground magnetic oscillations during the 2015 eruption of Chile’s Calbuco volcanoMagnetic ripples observed by SW-B 2 h after the eruption. a The vertical component, b the east–west component and c the north–south component in the sensor coordinate system. d The parallel component to the geomagnetic main field. Orange, blue and green dotted lines indicate the latitudes of Calbuco volcano, its geomagnetic conjugate point and the dip equator, respectively. e–g Dynamic spectra of magnetic field (a–c) along the satellite path. The horizontal and vertical axes indicate the geographic latitude of the footprint at 110 km altitude traced from satellite position along the geomagnetic field and period, respectively. Color indicates power spectral densityBack to article page