Fig. 1

Coseismic displacements, seafloor topography, and plates around Japan. Onshore GPS displacements from Nishimura et al. (2011). Offshore displacements by a combined GPS/acoustic technique from Sato et al. (2011) and Kido et al. (2011), and those by pressure gauges from Ito et al. (2011), Hino et al. (2011), and Maeda et al. (2011). Red and orange arrows indicate onshore and offshore horizontal displacement vectors. Triangles and squares indicate pressure gauges and GPS/acoustic stations, respectively. Onshore uplifts are expressed by color scales and contours taken at 20-cm intervals. Offshore uplifts are indicated by color within triangles and squares. White line with triangles shows the Japan trench. Mechanisms of the M9 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake and the three largest aftershocks are shown. The epicenter of the mainshock is represented by a black dot connected with the mechanism. Star in inset is the epicenter of the mainshock. PAC Pacific plate, EUR Eurasian plate, PHS Philippine Sea plate