Fig. 2

Finite element model used in this study. a Mesh grid of the model from SW view. For visualization, PAC, EUR, and PHS plates are shown separately. Green meshes in EUR part are continental crust and Green meshes in PAC and PHS parts are lithosphere and slab. Gray meshes are mantle. b Modeled slip region. c, d Assumed elastic structure for LYR and SLAB models under line AB shown in b. Green, gray, and blue portion denote crust, mantle or asthenosphere under PAC slab, and slab, respectively. Each portion is divided into horizontal layers to set further heterogeneity (Fig. 9a)