Fig. 4

Photographs of features of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake surface rupture. a Displaced centerline of the paved road next to the Okiribata dam. Arrows point along fault trace. b Pure right-lateral slip of the concrete road. Arrows point along fault trace. c Normal fault scarp cut a grass slope in a ranch. Coseismic vertical separation at the site is ~1 m, but the cumulative topographic offset is evident. d Free face of the unconsolidated soil and volcanic ash unit on a normal fault scarp in the grass slope. e Uphill-facing normal fault scarp on a grass slope. It is interpreted as an antithetic fault. f Maximum ~2.0-m vertical separation of a forestry road