Table 1 Summary of the initial parameters used in the simulation

Plasma frequency ω_pe of the cold electrons

2.4 Ω_e0

Time step Δt

0.05 Ω ⁻¹_e0

Grid spacing Δx

0.1 cΩ ⁻¹_e0

Number of grid points

65,536

Number of particles

1,342,177,280

Density ratio between cold (N ₀ ) and energetic electrons (N _h) at the magnetic equator

9.9 × 10⁻⁴

Thermal momenta of energetic electrons parallel and perpendicular to the background magnetic field (U _t|| and U _t⊥)

U _t||/c = 0.2705

U _t⊥/c = 0.46852

Temperature anisotropy of energetic electrons (A _T ); A _T  = (1 + β)U ² _t⊥ /U ² _t||  − 1

3.5 and β = 0.5