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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 9 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 9

From: Ground motion estimation for the elevated bridges of the Kyushu Shinkansen derailment caused by the foreshock of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake based on the site-effect substitution method

Fig. 9

The observed velocity waveforms (black traces) and the estimated velocity waveforms (red traces) at JKM, MKM, and SNK for the N–S and E–W components. The estimated velocity waveforms at MKM and SNK (see c, d, e and f) were calculated based on the observed velocity waveforms at JKM (see a and b). The velocity waveforms are without band-pass filtering. At MKM, the similarity between the black traces and red traces indicates the applicability of this ground motion estimation method (see c and d)

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