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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 5 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 5

From: Sensitivity of ionosonde detection of atmospheric disturbances induced by seismic Rayleigh waves at different latitudes

Fig. 5

Dip angle \((I)\) dependence of group refractive index for different values of \(X\ (=f_p^2/f^2)\). Vertical incidence rays are assumed, and the angle between the ray direction and the magnetic field is \(\pi /2-I\). MCS ionograms were also observed at Kaliningrad, Russia, and Sodankylä, Finland, after the 2012 Sumatra earthquake (epicentral distances \(\sim\)9000 km) (Yusupov and Akchurin 2015)

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