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Earth, Planets and Space
Fig. 1 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 1

From: Generation of billow-like wavy folds by fluidization at high temperature in Nojima fault gouge: microscopic and rock magnetic perspectives

Fig. 1

a Location of Awaji Island, Japan, showing active faults and geology in the Kobe–Osaka area, modified after Lin et al. (2015) and Murakami et al. (2002). b Nojima fault gouge sampling location, modified after Otsuki et al. (2003). c Outcrop of the Nojima fault gouge. The fault gouge is observed between the weathered granite and the Osaka group siltstone, with dashed and dotted white lines indicating its upper and lower boundaries, respectively. The fault slip zone strikes N45°E, and dips 80° to the southeast. The X-axis indicates the strike and the Z-axis indicates up. The same X–Y–Z coordinate system is used in Figs. 1d, e, 2a, b, 6, and Additional file 1: S2. d Macroscopic photograph of the fault gouge sample used for scanning magneto-impedance (MI) magnetic microscope observation. Block samples used for making a thin section are indicated by red numbering. Billow-like wavy folds are observed within the laminated cohesive blackish gouge and also in between weathered granite and blackish gouge. e Macroscopic photograph of the fault gouge sample used for superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) microscope observation. Block samples used for making a thin section are indicated in red. Billow-like wavy folds are observed within the laminated cohesive blackish gouge

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