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Fig. 7 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 7

From: Geomagnetically conjugate observations of ionospheric and thermospheric variations accompanied by a midnight brightness wave at low latitudes

Fig. 7

A schematic picture of the possible ionospheric variations during the MBW event on February 7, 2011. u is the thermospheric neutral winds at Kototabang, J is an ionospheric current, \(E_{\mathrm{P}}\) is a polarization electric field, \(B_{\mathrm{Z}}\) and B are the vertical and total components of the geomagnetic field, respectively, \(v_{\mathrm{Z}}\) is an upward \({\mathbf{E}}\times {\mathbf{B}}\) drift, and \(\Sigma _{\mathrm{in}}\) and \(\Sigma _{\mathrm{out}}\) are height-integrated Pedersen conductivities inside and outside MBW, respectively. We suggest that the polarization electric field inside the observed midnight brightness wave in the southern hemisphere is projected to the northern hemisphere, causing the observed ionospheric height increase in the northern hemisphere

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