Fig. 8

Association of slow slip earthquakes and the peaks in the estimated background rate. The east component of the displacement recorded by the LEYL, WAHU, MAHI, MAKO and ANAU cGPS stations are shown (a–e) and compared with the background rate (f) estimated using the non-stationary ETAS model with adaptive roughness penalty using \(M=150\) and \(M_{\tau }=30\). Note that the peaks in the estimated background rate correspond well with the reversals in the displacement that indicate slow slip earthquakes. Also shown in (g) are the estimates obtained using different values of M and \(M_{\tau }\), similar to Fig. 5