Fig. 6
From: 3D tomography of midlatitude sporadic-E in Japan from GNSS-TEC data
Results of 3D tomography (average of the results at 8:15, 8:17, 8:19 UT) of Case 1 Es patch that occurred on May 14, 2010, above the Kanto District (Maeda and Heki 2014, 2015). Black curves in a describe the tracks (moving northward) of the intersection of LoS with a thin layer at 100-km altitude (black dots show the positions at 8:23 UT, and black squares indicate the GNSS stations) for the station–satellite pairs shown in e. We show the map views at altitudes 90–120 km (a) and 180–210 km (b), and latitude–height profiles at 35.6° N (c) and 35.9° N (d). Time series (red curves) showing VTEC residuals 7:50–09:00 UT from reference curves, observed at eleven GNSS stations (black rectangle in a) with GPS satellite 29, show typical Es signatures as short-period positive pulse around 8.5 UT (e)