Fig. 1

Amplitude of the two dominant diurnal tides DW1 (diurnal westward wavenumber 1) and DE3 (diurnal eastward wavenumber 3) from GAIA and TIMED/SABER temperature at an altitude of 100 km. (Bottom) Red and blue (exceeding the threshold of ± 0.5 °C) on the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) indicate the ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) warm and cold phases