Fig. 13

Comparison of paleomagnetic data with anomalous directional features during 15–25 ka between the GSDS site (this study) and other different sites. a The GSDS1-AF-derived HFC and the GSDS2-TH-derived HTC1 directional changes, expressed as the reversal angle (the angle between the paleomagnetic direction and the direction of today’s axial dipole field at the GSDS site) through time with our inferred age-depth model. Yellow reversed triangles indicate AMS ¹⁴C dates directly determined by Lim et al. (2015). b NRM_40mT/ARM_40mT ratio (possible RPI proxy) variations through time with our inferred age-depth model in the GSDS site. c ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar chronologies with the weighted mean of 17.1 ± 0.9 (2σ) ka (a red line and box) by Singer et al. (2014b) from the Tianchi comenditic lava sequence where both excursional directions and low absolute paleointensities were reported by Zhu et al. (2000). The individual age data, with 2σ uncertainties (error bars), are shown as open, half-filled, and filled diamond symbols indicating reversed, transitional, and normal polarities, respectively. d, e Temporal variations of paleomagnetic inclination and paleointensity retrieved from SOH-1 (brown lines; Teanby et al. 2002) and SOH-4 cores (blue lines; Laj et al. 2002b) in Hawaii, with their proposed ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and K–Ar chronologies-based age models. f Available time-dependent RPI records, with a δ¹⁸O correlation-based age model, from ODP site 983 (Gardar Drift, North Atlantic) (Channell et al. 1997) and the PISO-1500 global RPI stack (Channell et al. 2009), as reference RPI curves