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Table 1 Details of the scoria deformation experiments. \(\phi _{\mathrm{b (Initial)}}\) and \(\phi _{\mathrm{b (Deformed)}}\) are the initial and final values of the bubble fraction in the scoria, respectively

From: Physical characteristics of scoriae and ash from 2014–2015 eruption of Aso Volcano, Japan

Sample

Run

Temperature (\({^{\circ }}\hbox {C}\))

Thickness (mm)

\({\upphi }_{\mathrm{b(Initial)}}\)

\({\upphi }_{\mathrm{b(Deformed)}}\)

S (\(\hbox {mm}^{2}\))

\(\upsigma _{\mathrm{N}}\) (kPa)

Results

1

1

950

9.7

0.76

670

1.5

Shrink

1

2

950

6.4

0.74

690

7.3

Shrink

1

3

950

6.3

0.74

0.68

680

37

Shrink

2

4

950

5.6

0.83

0.66

335

75

Shrink

3

5

500

5.8

0.89

310

82

Fractured

4

6

500

6.4

0.72

650

38

Fractured

5

7

700

4.3

0.95

300

83

Partially fractured

  1. S is the surface area of the scoria, and \(\sigma _{\mathrm{N}}\) is normal stress to be imposed