Fig. 10

Model bias of the heterogeneous model from the homogeneous model for response spectra. Heterogeneous-to-homogeneous ratio of 5% damped velocity response spectra for the heterogeneous velocity models with a = 1, 3, and 5 km is averaged over 172 observation points (K-NET and KiK-net stations; see Fig. 1) and five realizations at each period points, for source models a S1_3.3, b S2_3.3. Standard deviation is plotted by dashed lines