Fig. 1
From: Global and local Joule heating during substorms in St. Patrick’s Day 2015 geomagnetic storm
From top to bottom: components of IMF viz Bx, By and Bz, Btotal, x-component of solar wind velocity (vx), solar wind density (Nsw), temperature variation of electron flux along the IMF direction (T), as observed by WIND spacecraft, AE index, AL index, IL index, Wp index and Dst index, during 19:00–05:00 UT on 17–21 March 2015. Components of interplanetary magnetic field are plotted in GSM coordinates and the x-component of solar wind velocity is plotted in GSE coordinates. The expansion phases of five substorms associated with St. Patrick’s Day 2015 geomagnetic storm are marked with vertical dotted lines and substorm numbers are marked at the top