Fig. 7
From: Global and local Joule heating during substorms in St. Patrick’s Day 2015 geomagnetic storm
a From top to bottom: the rate of solar wind energy input estimated from the Epsilon parameter, the rate of global ionospheric Joule heating in the northern hemisphere taken from the OpenGGCM model, and the rate of local ionospheric Joule heating in the midnight sector of the auroral oval region, derived from modified form of the empirical relation based on the IL index, for a typical substorm event, 17–18 March 2015. b From top to bottom: the temporal variation of solar wind energy input, global ionospheric Joule heating in the northern hemisphere, estimated from the OpenGGCM model and the local ionospheric Joule heating estimated from the empirical relation based on the IL index, during expansion phase of the substorm event on 17–18 March 2015