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Fig. 1 | Earth, Planets and Space

Fig. 1

From: El Niño–Southern Oscillation effect on ionospheric tidal/SPW amplitude in 2007–2015 FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC observations

Fig. 1

(Left) Amplitude of the F3/C TEC (top row) diurnal westward wavenumber 1 (DW1), (second row) diurnal eastward wavenumber 3 (DE3), and (third row) stationary planetary wavenumber 4 (SPW4) as a function of time and geomagnetic latitude. The latitudinal and temporal resolutions are 5° and 1 month, respectively. (Right) Amplitude anomalies as a function of geomagnetic latitude. The anomaly is defined as by removing the mean annual variation from the detrended time series of tidal/SPW amplitude at each latitude. The bottom panel is the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI). Red and blue (exceeding the threshold of ± 0.5 °C) on the ONI indicate the ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) warm and cold phases

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