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Table 5 Statistics of the differences between the GNSS/levelling points and the GGM [Unit: (m)]

From: A high-resolution gravimetric quasigeoid model for Vietnam

GGMs

d/o of GGM

Mean

STD

Max

Min

DIR-R5

260

0.455

0.235

1.281

− 0.305

DIR-R5 + RTM

260

0.543

0.184

1.138

− 0.155

DIR/EGM + RTM

2159

0.515

0.157

1.018

− 0.103