Fig. 10

SAR interferogram (a), normalized coherence-change map (b), and change in topography (c) in the southern part of the city of Sapporo showing liquefaction. a SAR interferogram, using image pair 4 (Table 1). Black lines indicate areas where subsidence and surface changes were estimated using Fig. 10a, b. b Normalized coherence change of SAR image pairs 2 and 4. Gray shading indicates areas where coherence before the earthquake was < 0.5. Blue arrows indicate areas experiencing significant sediment-related damage as interpreted from aerial photographs. Black lines are the same as in a. c Change in topography due to cut-and-fill activity as detected in aerial photographs. Black lines are the same as in a