Fig. 4
From: Earth atmospheric loss through the plasma mantle and its dependence on solar wind parameters
Coupling functions for \({\hbox{O}}^+\) in the plasma mantle. a Total \({\hbox{O}}^+\) escape from the plasma mantle as a function of the solar wind coupling functions. The different curves represent the Akasofu parameter (dashed blue) and three variations of the Vasyliunas et al. formula (solid orange, doted green and dashed–dot violet). b Same plot as in plot (a) including a 95% confidence interval