Fig. 5
a–c Geographical map of difference between gravimetric geoid models and GNSS/leveling geoid heights. The mean value of each geoid difference was subtracted from each model. The graphs inside each figure are histograms of the geoid difference from the mean value, whose horizontal axis represents the geoid difference and vertical axis shows the frequency of the geoid difference for each bin width of 5 cm. d Geographical map of the topography of Japan, in which the locations with large geoid discrepancies were indicated